Showing posts with label Project 4. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Project 4. Show all posts

Saturday, 5 December 2015

Perspective

than this one with a person receding in to the background.
And a bit more of the train tracks behind.
How different the effect of this photo........
Putney Bridge, boat race day 2015
- straightforward vanishing point on the horizon

Photo taken Summer 2014
Dramatic river valley in South Africa,
with references in the foreground to show scale.
Reminds me of Japanese prints
The same valley without foreground references shows how
the distances and sizes are much less obvious


Blue pipes shrinking into the distance. Foreground wires
and tiny curving buildings give another reference
to the positioning of the viewer.
Photo taken for first textile art module

Monday, 2 March 2015

Project 4: Still life

Exercise 1: Still life using line

I used sketches and photos to help me think about how to make the connections and differences between the objects apparent, and how they relate to the background. I wanted to try a different way from clumping them all together. I tried sketching from different viewpoints.


Sketches for composition
I chose these veg because they are the remains of making a meal, and there's something about the cores that are thrown away that are meaningful to me. Maybe it's just me but there's a gesture to the obscene too. Personal and private insides on show.

The angle of the innards being similar for each seems important to the composition as it draws attention to this aspect of the veg, and links them all into one image. The differences are in the different textures, which I will be drawing with line, and in the colours, which I am not going to use for this drawing. 

I wasn't sure about the position of the set up in relation to the light source, so I tried a few different arrangements which I photographed.

The light from the right gave the most definition without obscuring the different textures.

The light in one room (right) was  much warmer and stronger than the light in the other, as it was natural light.

From above looked boring and took away the emphasis on the parallel lines within the vegetables, so I went for a flatter perspective.


I thought about using a chinese brush,
but decided that I wanted to use a thinner line to make the most of the differences in texture, so I used a black 'technical' pen on white A3 paper.



Ratatouille still life - line

In retrospect - could have used brown paper or newspaper for this one - looks a bit bare. Otherwise focussed in more and let the veg take up more of the paper. I think the different textures drawn with line this way worked pretty well. Not sure the veg all pointing the same way works to make it interesting enough. I think I'll have a play in my sketchbook to see if I can capture the private core aspect better - perhaps using other materials.

Exercise 2: Still life in tone using colour
First attempt - white paper and 'natural' colours
Comments on these drawings are in the review section below

Second try at using tone and colour
White paper and three colours only

Third
Pale pink paper and restricted range of colours


Reviewing these exercises:
What aspects of each drawing were successful, and which did you have problems with?
The detail and shading of the objects was good in the line drawing. The overall impression not so good. I left too much of the background and didn't put in the shadows falling on the board. Using the white paper for the lightest tones worked well for that one, but again, I didn't give any thought to the tone of the background.

First tone drawing  - The chunkier parts of the vegetables worked best, perhaps because the tones changed with simpler shapes and were therefore easier to judge. The details weren't working, perhaps because I used line more than tone to outline them in this one. The drawing doesn't hang together very well as a single image and this has something to do with the choice of colours, especially the black I think, and because I didn't cover the whole of the white paper with pastel colour, so it looked scrappy.

Second tone drawing This was better as a whole as I had learned from the first one to use the same colours throughout, regardless of the actual colours of the objects. I also learned to cover the white paper. The objects' detail worked better, as I was learning to use tone to show detail eg in the pepper seeds. It was difficult to get any more detail, or sharpness of edge, than there is in this one without using line.

Last one drawing. This one was done using coloured paper, as in the example in the course instructions, and colours in a narrower range of tones - just to see what happened. I also focussed in more to get less background and more veg. This combination left the veg apparently floating in nothingness! Again, difficulty with the background. I also found the shadows more difficult to differentiate from the objects when there was less tone difference. The pale greeen for the lightest tones worked better, though, I think. And by this time I was getting more of a grip on how to use tones for the onion pattern.

Did you manage to get a sense of depth in your drawings? What aspect of drawings and still life groupings helped to create that sense?

There was some sense of depth in the drawings, which seemed to come from a combination of tone/shadow and perspective. Overall, though they are all a bit flat, which I think is due to the arrangement of the objects mostly separated from each other. And all three of the tone drawings were drawn from higher up than intended, which contributed to this too.

What difficulties were created by being restricted to line or tone?

Using line only allows tone to be incorporated by making the lines closer together, except where there is shadow (unless you use crosshatching for that). I expect that colour is more difficult to incorporate and use in line drawings.

Using tone only means that detail has to be suggested rather than drawn in. This isn't necessarily a bad thing, and for me anyway can make the image more expressive.

How did using colour affect your working method?

Using colours to convey tone - the way I did it depended on the relatie intensity of the colours. I was trying to use the method in the instructions, but once I had done darkest, middle, lightest, I found myself wanting to go back over the dardest again so as to increase the contrast and balance the image out a bit. Using them this way meant that the actual colour became less relevant than the relative tone. I only understood this really when I had finished the last drawing and found that the difference in tone between the middle and light ones (tan and pale green) was not great enough, especially on the coloured paper.

I found that trying to use the 'real' colours of the vegetables didn't convey anything of the atmosphere or feeling. Using only three colours as in this exercise, gave me the opportunity to see the effect of different colours and ranges of colour on the final image.


Exercise 3: Experiment with mixed media


Preparatory sketches for this exercise, trying out different arrangements, and different combinations of media.
I particularly wanted to get the reflections and the strong colours.
I tried out a few different objects in front of the two pans, because some of them didn't reflect well, some weren't a strong enough colour, and others detracted from the strong shapes and reflections.
I eventually decided on half a squash.
For the paper I wanted to get the directional stripes of the wood on the table, but something to make it more homely than clinical, so I used a collage.

Still life - marker pens, conte crayon, wax crayon, coloured pencil, magazine collage


Exercise 4: Monochrome

Sketches for monochrome exercise, trying out different angles on it, and line vs. tone
The big difficulty was getting enough contrast to show the shapes and reflections in the same colour range.
The other difficulty was drawing the shapes accurately!
After these sketches, I decided that picking objects because they were the same colour was a mistake, and found some more interesting musical instruments to draw, with contrasting shapes and reflectivity. I kept the cloth underneath.
I also thought it would be good to practice using pastels again because I hadn't quite got how to do it in the earlier exercise, and to use a black backbround so that the contrasts were greater.

Monochrome musical instruments
Pastel and pencil on black paper
Looking at this drawing critically: I think I have captured the reflections on the recorder in a way which allows you to see the shape of it. I am also pleased with the shape of the wooden clapper at top left, which was tricky because of all the angles. The gourd rattle wasn't so successful. I think because the colour of the circles doesn't adequately show the changes in light across it, and because I haven't drawn them all as they actually look, but in the target shape I know them to be in my head. The background cloth is not really drawn in properly at the bottom left - more scribbled, and this detracts from the look of the whole thing. It looks better on the right where I was more careful to make it look as it did in real life. Finally, I'm not sure this is really monochrome - I tried using different shades of brown through mustard up to a peachy beige, but in this photo it looks like pink, yellow and white on the black background. It might have been better on a brown paper instead of black. Using a black background was interesting because it did what I hoped it would and increased the level of contrast in the whole thing, making it more dramatic. I had to change the way I thought about what I was putting onto the paper, though, and initially put the middle colour on first (instead of the darkest) to get my bearings. Later on in the process I used a pencil to remove some of it to make lines (eg for the edges of teh clappers, and the fine detail on the recorder). I like the way the pastel makes the objects look very physical.

Saturday, 14 February 2015

Still-life research to 1800

According to Anthony Langdon in the Oxford Companion to Western Art (1), 'Still-life paintings are pictures that are complete works of art in t hemselves and which depict inanimate things of medium size.'

The articles I read that were most interesting on this subject covered it in chronological order, so I have too. The early references are about inanimate objects as the subject of painting, and are included as antecedents of true still life paintings according to this definition.

The origins of still-life
Ancient Egyptians made paintings of tables with food on them, within the pyramids, so that the dead could eat once they had crossed over. (2) The Greeks had a word for painters whose subject was everyday things - rhyparaographoi, literally painters of vile objects. They are referred to, eg Peiraikos in Pliny's Natural History, but there are no surviving examples.

In Roman times, paintings of objects were used to decorate buildings, and they took pride in the natural appearance of the objects. So much so that there was a story that birds tried to eat some painted grapes, and the grape painter tried to draw the curtains painted by his competition.

Wall painting from Pompeii showing the attempt at naturalism
from www.annesitaly.com/blog/mediterranean-diet-from-art-to-the-table/

In the early Renaissance, paintings of this kind began to be used in the backgrounds of religious paintings, reflecting an increasing interest in the world of the painter, as opposed to the subject of the painting.

Giotto wall painting in Scrovegni Chapel - Annunciation to St Anne 1304-6
Showing his attention to domestic objects such as the shelf and lamp, and objects hanging on the wall, in contrast to the usual symbolic or God-glorifying backgrounds in pre-Renaissance religious painting.
from www.galleryhip.com/giotto-scrovegni-chapel-annunciation.html

As the Renaissance grew and spread in 15th century Italy and Netherlands, still life painting was used for the symbolic meaning attached to the objects. An example of this is the appearance of realistic looking lilies in annunciation paintings of the time, symbolising Mary's virginity.

Antonello da Messina c1475 St Jerome in his Study
I don't know what all these objects symbolise, but a lion refers to a story that he pulled a thorn out of a lion's paw,
and books a symbol of learnedness referring to his translation of the bible into Latin. I suspect the peacock on the windowsill may be expected to make the viewer think about pride and the partridge about truth?
from nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/

In Italy, another use of still life was trompe l'oeil, used in painting and marquetry as a decorative feature in buildings, reflecting progress in perspective drawing, and a resurgent interest in Greek and Roman architecture and decorative arts.

Follow this link to see a wonderful Jacopo de Barbari tromple l'oeil painting. Even his signature is painted on a fake piece of crumpled paper. The link also shows some other still lives mentioned in this blog, and compares them to a contemporary artist's version.

Another stream of still-life painting was the use of dead animals or skulls to remind the observer of the mortality of all people, however rich or famous - called Vanitas.

Follow this link for a watercolour dead bluebird by Albrecht Durer.

and this one for gloriously pretty Joris Hoefnagel illuminated manuscripts from the Getty Museum

This famous painting by Jan van Eyck, Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife, is in the National Gallery in London. Oil on oak panel 1434. It has many domestic objects and references, each of which has a symbolic meaning.
Image taken from www.crucialityfiles.wrodpress.com/

Peter Aertson in Flanders, and Passeroti in Italy, painted shops and markets with mounds of produce, this time in the foreground, inspiring many subsequent masters to paint still lives.

Peter Aertson 1507-75 The Fat Kitchen, an allegory
from www.blistar.net/

Bartolomeo Passerotti 1529-92 The Fish Stall
Galleria Nationale di Arte Antica, Palazzo Barberini, Rome
photo from www.nga.gov.au
Still-Life as an independent art form
At the end of the 16th Century, the still-life became an independent subject in its own right. Langdon suggests this is for several reasons - the increased cultural importance of the artist (as opposed to the subject), of scientific accuracy, of illusionist skills, and artists trying to show they could do better than classical art.

Flower painting became a speciality for some painters including Jan Phillips van Thielen, Jakob Merrell, and Jan Breughel the elder.

Jan Breughel the elder c.1606 Flowers in a wooden vessel, oil on board


Other still life painters of the period, especially Italians, focussed on fruit.

Fede Galizia 1602 Basket of peaches
Image from www.buffton.edu
Galizia was a painter of portraits and religious scenes during her lifetime
but is better known now for her small still life paintings. This one is 11 inches across.
These paintings are clearly luxurious in the extreme and aimed at wealthy patrons. However, there were also still lives being painted for humbler customers. For example, the Spanish painter Juan Cotan painted collections of vegetables for bodegas around 1600. Here is a link to some of them which shows that they were beautifully skillful too. Here is a link to some of them which shows that they were beautifully skillful too, and surprisingly modern looking in composition

There was also another new market for paintings growing at this time, the middle classes in Flanders and the Netherlands. Claesz and Heda produced paintings for this market which Langdon describes as an 'understated celebration of a comfortable lifestyle', often in a very restricted range of colours.
This links to Pieter Claesz 1636 Still-Life with Herring, and an appreciative article about his work

But of course there were still wealthy art buyers and still lives from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries increasingly overflowed with opulence.

Willem Kalf c1653
image from overlordoftheuberferal.files.wordpress.com/

Cornelius de Heem Still Life with a Basket of Fruit
He and Snyders started altering the composition in this diagonal way. They appear to have been highly influential.
Image from wikicommons
 At the same time there was a more austere strand in the still lives of Zurburan, Lubin Baugin, and Rembrandt.
Francisco de Zurbaran 1635-40 Agnus dei
Sanfrancisco Museum of Art USA
Image from cardiphonia.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/atonement-lg.jpg

Rembrandt van Rijn 1655 The Flayed Ox
Louvre, Paris
image from wikicommons
And the vanitas strand continued. The links lead to images of vanitas paintings by David Bailly, and Pieter Symonsz Potter

Eighteenth Century Still-Life
Rachel Ruysch c. 1704 Still life with flowers
She and Willem van Aelst introduced a diagonal composition into floral still life
Image from wikicommons
The other prominent proponents of still-life in Europe in the eighteenth century were Chardin and Melendez, who had very different styles.


Luis Melendez Still Life with Bream, Oranges, Garlic, Condiments and Kitchen Utensils
Very skilled and almost photographic in its realism.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Francisco de Goya Still life with golden bream is very different, with a freedom of style that gives a more natural feel.
image from wikicommons

Jean-Baptiste Chardin 1760 Glass of Water and Coffee Pot
This is very attractive to modern eyes, with its simplicity and calm atmosphere.
 from www.artyfactory.com



(1) Langdon, A (2001) still-life The Oxford Companion to Western Art ed. Hugh Brigstocke, Oxford University Press (from Oxford Art Online)
(2) Van Miegroet, Hans, J (2006) Still-life Grove Art online OUP